In this article, we will see what is Internet Version 4(IPv4) or Internet Version 6(IPv6)?? We will see the Header Format of Internet Protocol Version 4 or Internet Protocol Version 6. We will see the addressing of IPv4 and IPv6 and a lot more.
Let's start...
1. IPv4:
a) What is IPv4?
Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) is the fourth version of Internet Protocol (IP). It is one of the fundamental principles of online operating systems based on the standards on the Internet and other packet-switching networks. IPv4 was the fourth version used to be produced on SATNET in 1982 and in the ARPANET in January 1983. It is still used to deliver more internet traffic today, despite the continued distribution of Internet Protocol 6 (IPv6), which followed.
IPv4 uses 32-bit address space which provides 4,294,967,296 different addresses (232), but larger blocks are reserved for special communication purposes.
b) Purpose:
Internet Protocol is a protocol that defines and enables Internet functionality in the Internet Protocol Suite. It actually builds the Internet. It uses a logical address system and creates a route, which is to transfer packets from the source host to the next route which is a single jump near the target host to another network.
IPv4 is an offline protocol, and works with the best delivery model, because it does not guarantee delivery, nor does it guarantee proper sequence or avoid duplicate delivery. These features, including data integrity, are handled by an advanced transport protocol, such as the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP).
c) IP Addressing:
IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses that limit address space to 4294967296 addresses (232).
IPv4 blocks of private address networks (~ 18 million addresses) and multimedia addresses (~ 270 million addresses).
- Address Representation
IPv4 addresses may be represented on any note that displays a total of 32 bits. They are usually written with dot-decimal notation, consisting of four octets of an address expressed individually by decimal numbers and separated by periods.
For example, the four-dotted IP address 192.0.2.235 represents the 32-bit 3221226219 decimal number, which in hexadecimal format is 0xC00002EB.
The CIDR text combines the address and its start of the route in an integrated format, where the address is followed by a slash (/) character and a lead value of 1 consecutive bit at the beginning of the route (subnet mask).
Some address presentations were commonly used when creating a classroom network. For example, the loopback address 127.0.0.1 is usually spelled 127.1, assuming it is a Class A network with eight bits in the network mask and 24 bits in the host number. If less than four digits are specified in the dotted address, the final value is assumed to be the maximum number of bytes to fill in the four-octet. Thus, the address 127.65530 equals 127.0.255.250.
- Distribution/Allocation:
In the original IPv4 design, the IP address was divided into two parts: the network identifier was the most important octet of the address, and the host identifier was the entire address. The latter was also called a rest area. The facility allowed more than 256 network identifiers, which were soon found to be inadequate.
To overcome this limitation, the octet of the most important address was redefined in 1981 for the construction of network classes, in a system later known as the classroom network. The revised plan has defined five phases. Classes A, B, and C have different bit lengths for network identification. Another address was used as before to identify the host within the network. Due to the different sizes of fields in different categories, each network section had a different volume of communication with strangers. In addition to the three speaking classes with strangers, Class D was defined as the most frequently distributed address and Class E is reserved for future applications.
The division of existing networks into subnet began in 1985 with the publication of the RFC 950. This section was further adapted with the introduction of variable-length subnet masks (VLSM) to RFC 1109 in 1987. In 1993, based on this work, RFC 1517 introduced Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR), [3] indicating the number of bits (from most important) as, for example, / 24, and the class-based system was called class, on the contrary. CIDR was designed to allow redistribution of any address area so that smaller or larger blocks of addresses were provided to users. The hierarchical structure created by CIDR is owned by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) and regional online registrations (RIRs). Each RIR maintains a searchable WHOIS website that provides information about IP address allocations.
d) Header Format:
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| IPv4 Header Format |
e) Divisions of IPv4:
- Network component: The network component shows the different variations selected for the network. The network component jointly identifies a shared network component.
- Hosting Section: Part of the host specifically identifies the device in your network. This part of the IPv4 address is assigned to the entire host. For each host on the network, part of the network is the same, however, half of the host must be different.
- Subnet number: This is an optional part of IPv4. Local networks with large host numbers are subdivided into subnet and subnet numbers are designated accordingly.
f) Characteristics: IPv4 can be a 32-Bit IP Address.
- IPv4 can be a numerical address, and its fragments are separated by a dot.
- The number of subject fields is twelve and the maximum area of the header is twenty.
- It has Unicast addresses, streaming, and multi-channel style.
- IPv4 supports VLSM (Virtual Length Subnet Mask).
- IPv4 uses the Postal Address Resolution Protocol to display the MAC address.
- RIP may be a routing protocol supported by a router daemon.
- Networks must be configured with or with DHCP.
- Pack segmentation permissions on routers and host duplication.
g) Advantages: IPv4 security allows encryption to maintain privacy and security.
- The supply of the IPV4 network is important and currently has over 85000 active routers.
- It is easy to attach multiple devices to a non-external network while not NAT.
- This is a communication model so it provides quality service and as a transfer of rich information.
- IPV4 addresses are redefined and allow seamless coding.
- The route is expanding and economical due to the successful merger.
- Data communication across the network becomes more specific to multidisciplinary organizations.
2. IPv6:
a) What is IPv6:
Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) is the latest version of Internet Protocol (IP), a protocol that provides identification and local computer system and network traffic across the Internet. IPv6 was established by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) to address the long-awaited problem of IPv4 addressing fatigue. IPv6 is intended to replace IPv4. In December 1998, IPv6 became the Draft IETF Standard, which was approved as an Internet Standard on 14 July 2017.
Internet devices are assigned a unique IP address for identification and location description. With the rapid growth of the Internet after sales in the 1990s, it became clear that more addresses would be needed to connect devices than available IPv4 address space. In 1998, the IETF became official. IPv6 uses a 128-bit address, appropriately allowing 2128, or approximately 3.4 × 1038 addresses. The actual number is small, as most widths are reserved for special use or completely excluded from use. The two agreements are not designed to work together, so direct communication between them is not possible, making it difficult to migrate to IPv6. However, several measures have been developed to deal with this.
b) IP Addressing:
IPv6 addresses are 128 bits. IPv6 address space design uses a different design philosophy than IPv4, in which subnetting was used to improve the efficiency of the use of minimal address space. In IPv6, the address area is considered large enough for the foreseeable future, and the local subnet always uses 64 bits in the address part of the address, selected as the visual identifier, while the 64 most important pieces are used as a guide. the beginning. Although there is a myth about IPv6 subnets that can be scanned, RFC 7707 notes that patterns from other IPv6 address-based techniques and algorithms allow address scanning in many real-world situations.
- IPv6 Address Representation:
128 bits of IPv6 address are represented in 8 groups of 16 bits each. Each group is listed as four hexadecimal digits (sometimes called hexes or more formal hexadecimal and quibble or quad-nibble) and the groups are divided into colonies ( :). An example of this representation is 2001: 0db8: 0000: 0000: 0000: ff00: 0042: 8329.
For simplicity and clarity, the representation of an IPv6 address may be abbreviated by the following rules.
One or more leading zeros are subtracted from any hexadecimal number group, usually in all leading zeros. For example, the group 0042 is converted to 42.
Consecutive parts of zeros are replaced by two colonies (: :). This can only be used once at the address, as too many uses can cause the address to end. RFC 5952 requires that a double colon can be used to define the left side of zero. [39]
Example of the application of these rules:
First address: 2001: 0db8: 0000: 0000: 0000: ff00: 0042: 8329.
After subtracting all the leading zero in each group: 2001: db8: 0: 0: 0: ff00: 42: 8329.
After leaving the following parts of zero: 2001: db8:: ff00: 42: 8329.
c) IPv6 Header Format:
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| IPv6 Header Format |
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