Networking Devices (Hubs, Switches, Routers)

In this article, we gonna learn about networking devices and why we use networking devices.

To understand it, Let's take a Scenario...

Let's say you have 4 desktop and you wanna connect all of them together. You can do that by using cables.

But when we have an organization we can't use cables to establishes connection between our systems. If we uses cables, it will become mesh and impossible to be maintained.

To overcome these problems, we uses devices such as Hubs, Switches, Routers, Modems etc.

Let's understand all of them one by one.

#Hubs: Hubs connect computers together in a star topology network. Due to their design, they increase the chance of collision. 

• Hubs operates in the physical layer of the OSI model and have no Intelligence. Example: You have connected your computers using hub. And you have send a packet to the hub. As packet reached the hub, hub will send the packet to the remaining ports. This is the main drawback of Hub.
• Hubs flood incoming packets to all sports all the time.
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#Repeater: A repeater is an electronic device that receives a signal and retransmits it at a higher level and/or higher power, or onto the other side of obstruction so that the signal can cover a larger distance without degradation.

• Simply we can say that repeater is a device that we use to maintain connections. For Example: Let's suppose you live in a very big house and you have established a modem in one corner of the house and you are working in the second corner of the house, In that case, you will see network delay and low network. To avoid network degradation we use a repeater in between you and the modem to maintain the flow of the network.
• The repeater can be both wired or wireless.
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#Modem: It is a device used to convert the digital signal into analog. So that the transmission can be done.

• Modem(from modulator-demodulator) is a device that turns the digital 1s and 0s of a personal computer into sounds that can be transmitted over the telephone lines and once received on the other side, converts those sounds back into a form used a USB, Ethernet, serial or network connection. Modems are generally classified by the amount of data they can send in a given time, normally measured in bits per second, or "bps".
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#NIC: A network interface card is a computer hardware component designed to allow computers to communicate over a computer network.

• It is both an OSI layer1 and layer2 device, as it provides physical access to a networking medium and provides a low-level addressing system through the use of MAC address.
• It is an in-built device in your computer or system.
• It comes with a MAC address. That you can't change.
• After inserting RJ-45 in the port, you can use your computer as a node to transfer resources.
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#Switches: This device is made to overcome the problems of Hubs.

• Switches provide a central connection between two or more computers on a network, but with some intelligence.
• They provide traffic control for packets, rather than forwarding data to all the connected ports, a switch forwards data only to the port on which the destination system is connected. 
• They use a database of MAC addresses to determine where computers are located and very efficiently send packets only where they need to go.
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#Bridge: Brides can be identified by the fact that they operate at the data link layer of the OSI model. 

• Bridges have intelligence and can "bridge" two of their ports together at very high speed. They use a database of MAC addresses to determine where computers are located and very efficiently send frames only where they need to go.
• The database is created dynamically as computers communicate on the network.
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#Routers: Routers operate at the network layer of the OSI model and efficiently route information between Local Area Networks. 

• Since routers operate in the third layer, the network layer, they must understand layer 3 addressing...such as TCP/IP.
• A router will divide a broadcast domain by not forwarding broadcasts on one connected network to another connected.
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#Gateways: They basically work as the messenger agents that take data from one system, interpret it, and transfer it to another system.

• Gateways are also called protocol converters and can operate at any network layer.
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#Wireless Access Point: A wireless access point (WAP or AP) is a device that allows wireless communication devices to connect to a wireless network using WI-FI, Bluetooth, or related standards.

• The WAP usually connects to a wired network and can relay data between the wireless devices(such as computers or printers) and wired devices on the network.

Previous Articles:

#Networking For Hacking:

1. Introduction to Networking 

2. Networking Devices

3. Transmission Media(Guided and Unguided)

4. Switching in Networking

5. OSI Model

6. OSI Model - Part 2

7. Functions of OSI Layers

8. TCP/IP Model

9. OSI vs TCP/IP

10. Internet Protocol(IP)

11. Internet Protocol Versions | Internet Versions Explained

#Linux for Absolute Beginners:

1. Introduction of New Blog

2. More on Linux

3. Installation

4. Linux Commands - Part 1

5. Linux Commands - Part 2

6. Linux Commands - Part 3

7. Linux Commands - Part 4

8. Linux Commands - Part 5

9. All Files & Directories Commands

10. File Editor & Manipulating Data Commands

11. All Programming Languages Commands

#Penetration Testing Tutorial for Absolute Beginners

1. Introduction to Penetration Testing

2. What is N-Map?

#Technical Tools Explanation

1. Log4J Tutorial

#Linux for Absolute Beginners in Hindi

1. Introduction of New Blog in Hindi